Light blue indicates a student under my supervision. Orange indicates a student under a colleague’s supervision. Red indicates a faculty colleague at NJIT.
Refereed journal articles
Wiśniewska, M., O’Connell-Rodwell, C. E., Kilian, J. W., Garnier, S., & Russell, G. J. (2024). Interplay of physical and social drivers of movement in male African savanna elephants. Behavioral Ecology, 36(1), arae091. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arae091
@article{elephantmovements2024,
author = {Wiśniewska, Maggie and O’Connell-Rodwell, Caitlin E and Kilian, J Werner and Garnier, Simon and Russell, Gareth J},
title = {Interplay of physical and social drivers of movement in male African savanna elephants},
journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
volume = {36},
number = {1},
pages = {arae091},
year = {2024},
month = nov,
issn = {1465-7279},
doi = {10.1093/beheco/arae091},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arae091},
eprint = {https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article-pdf/36/1/arae091/60749152/arae091.pdf}
}
Despite extensive research into the behavioral ecology of free-ranging animal groups, questions remain about how group members integrate information about their physical and social surroundings. This is because (1) tracking of multiple group members is limited to a few easily manageable species and (2) the tools to simultaneously quantify physical and social influences on an individual’s movement remain challenging, especially across large geographic scales. A relevant example of a widely ranging species with complex social structure and of conservation concern is the African savanna elephant. We evaluate highly synchronized GPS tracks from 5 male elephants in Etosha National Park in Namibia by incorporating their dynamic social landscape into an established resource selection model. The fitted model predicts movement patterns based simultaneously on the physical landscape (e.g. repeated visitation of waterholes) and the social landscape (e.g. avoidance of a dominant male). Combining the fitted models for multiple focal individuals produces landscape-dependent social networks that vary over space (e.g. with distance from a waterhole) and time (e.g. as the seasons change). The networks, especially around waterholes, are consistent with dominance patterns determined from previous behavioral studies. Models that combine physical landscape and social effects, based on remote tracking, can augment traditional methods for determining social structure from intensive behavioral observations. More broadly, these models will be essential to effective, in-situ conservation and management of wide-ranging social species in the face of anthropogenic disruptions to their physical surroundings and social connections.
Saha, T., Genoud, A. P., Williams, G. M., Russell, G. J., & Thomas, B. P. (2024). Monitoring Mosquito Abundance: Comparing an Optical Sensor with a Trapping Method. Insects, 15(8). https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/15/8/584
@article{insects15080584,
author = {Saha, Topu and Genoud, Adrien P. and Williams, Gregory M. and Russell, Gareth J. and Thomas, Benjamin P.},
title = {Monitoring Mosquito Abundance: Comparing an Optical Sensor with a Trapping Method},
journal = {Insects},
volume = {15},
year = {2024},
number = {8},
article-number = {584},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/15/8/584},
pubmedid = {39194789},
issn = {2075-4450},
doi = {10.3390/insects15080584}
}
Optical sensors have shown significant promise in offering additional data to track insect populations. This article presents a comparative study between abundance measurements obtained from a novel near-infrared optical sensor and physical traps. The optical instrument, named an Entomological Bistatic Optical Sensor System, or eBoss, is a non-destructive sensor operating in the near-infrared spectral range and designed to continuously monitor the population of flying insects. The research compares the mosquito aerial density (#/m3) obtained through the eBoss with trap counts from eight physical traps during an eight-month field study. The eBoss recorded over 302,000 insect sightings and assessed the aerial density of all airborne insects as well as male and female mosquitoes specifically with a resolution of one minute. This capability allows for monitoring population trends throughout the season as well as daily activity peaks. The results affirmed the correlation between the two methods. While optical instruments do not match traps in terms of taxonomic accuracy, the eBoss offered greater temporal resolution (one minute versus roughly three days) and statistical significance owing to its much larger sample size. These outcomes further indicate that entomological optical sensors can provide valuable complementary data to more common methods to monitor flying insect populations, such as mosquitoes or pollinators.
Wiśniewska, M., Puga-Gonzalez, I., Lee, P., Moss, C., Russell, G., Garnier, S., & Sueur, C. (2022). Simulated poaching affects global connectivity and efficiency in social networks of African savanna elephants—An exemplar of how human disturbance impacts group-living species. PLOS Computational Biology, 18(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009792
@article{simulatedpoaching,
doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009792},
author = {Wiśniewska, Maggie and Puga-Gonzalez, Ivan and Lee, Phyllis and Moss, Cynthia and Russell, Gareth and Garnier, Simon and Sueur, Cédric},
journal = {PLOS Computational Biology},
publisher = {Public Library of Science},
title = {Simulated poaching affects global connectivity and efficiency in social networks of African savanna elephants—An exemplar of how human disturbance impacts group-living species},
year = {2022},
month = jan,
volume = {18},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009792},
pages = {1-23},
number = {1}
}
Selective harvest, such as poaching, impacts group-living animals directly through mortality of individuals with desirable traits, and indirectly by altering the structure of their social networks. Understanding the relationship between disturbance-induced, structural network changes and group performance in wild animals remains an outstanding problem. To address this problem, we evaluated the immediate effect of disturbance on group sociality in African savanna elephants—an example, group-living species threatened by poaching. Drawing on static association data from ten free-ranging groups, we constructed one empirically based, population-wide network and 100 virtual networks; performed a series of experiments ‘poaching’ the oldest, socially central or random individuals; and quantified the immediate change in the theoretical indices of network connectivity and efficiency of social diffusion. Although the social networks never broke down, targeted elimination of the socially central conspecifics, regardless of age, decreased network connectivity and efficiency. These findings hint at the need to further study resilience by modeling network reorganization and interaction-mediated socioecological learning, empirical data permitting. The main contribution of our work is in quantifying connectivity together with global efficiency in multiple social networks that feature the sociodemographic diversity likely found in wild elephant populations. The basic design of our simulation makes it adaptable for hypothesis testing about the consequences of anthropogenic disturbance or lethal management on social interactions in a variety of group-living species with limited, real-world data.
Mashintonio, A. F., Harris, G. M., Stewart, D. R., Butler, M. J., Sanderson, J., & Russell, G. (2022). Estimating species richness with camera traps: modeling the effects of delay period, deployment length, number of sites, and interference imagery. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 46(4), e1357. https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wsb.1357
@article{richnesswithcameratraps,
author = {Mashintonio, Andrew F. and Harris, Grant M. and Stewart, David R. and Butler, Matthew J. and Sanderson, Jim and Russell, Gareth},
title = {Estimating species richness with camera traps: modeling the effects of delay period, deployment length, number of sites, and interference imagery},
journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
volume = {46},
number = {4},
pages = {e1357},
keywords = {camera trap surveys, community ecology, delay period, interference imagery, mammals, southwestern U.S., species richness, study design},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.1357},
url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wsb.1357},
eprint = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/wsb.1357},
year = {2022}
}
Abstract Biologists commonly use camera traps for estimating species richness to inform conservation actions, steer land protection, and reveal effects of climate change. Long-term studies using short delay periods (≤1 min) and numerous cameras produce voluminous amounts of redundant imagery. Thus, camera-trapping procedures maximizing richness estimates while minimizing data collection need development. We used imagery of mammals spanning 4 deserts in the United States to model the effects of delay, deployment length (i.e., study duration), number of sampling sites, and interference events on the proportion of known species richness detected (Rp). We also determined the proportion of subsamples containing each species (SR) under different sampling conditions to inform subsequent occupancy estimation. We generated contour plots describing the optimal configuration of sites and deployment length that minimized the image acquisition required to estimate Rp = 0.9. The optimal configuration was independent of delay (requiring 50 sites and 13 months). The shortest delay (10 sec) generated 8 times more images than the longest (3600 sec) without substantially improving Rp and rare species detection. The shortest duration to acquire Rp = 0.9 was 10 months but required 70 sites. The fewest sites needed were 22 and 29, depending on camera placement, requiring approximately 50 months of deployment. Simulated short, one-month studies were only able to obtain Rp 0.6 with 40–70 sites. Obtaining SR = 0.8 with a 3600 sec delay required between 1–12 months and 10 sites or 1–17 sites and 6 months for uncommon species. Adding interference imagery, even with long delays, produced SR ≥ 0.5 for rare species, generating data suitable for occupancy estimation. Overall, interference imagery had minimal effects on reducing SR estimates, unless the interference occurred continuously. Our guidance optimizes the number of sites, deployment length, and delay period while minimizing imagery acquisition to meet Rp and occupancy objectives with confidence.
Liu, S., Shih, F. Y., Russell, G., Russell, K., & Phan, H. (2020). Classification of Ecological Data by Deep Learning. International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, 34(13), 2052010. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218001420520102
@article{deeplearning,
author = {Liu, Shaobo and Shih, Frank Y. and Russell, Gareth and Russell, Kimberly and Phan, Hai},
title = {Classification of Ecological Data by Deep Learning},
journal = {International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence},
volume = {34},
number = {13},
pages = {2052010},
year = {2020},
doi = {10.1142/S0218001420520102},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218001420520102},
eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218001420520102}
}
Ecologists have been studying different computational models in the classification of ecological species. In this paper, we intend to take advantages of variant deep-learning models, including LeNet, AlexNet, VGG models, residual neural network, and inception models, to classify ecological datasets, such as bee wing and butterfly. Since the datasets contain relatively small data samples and unbalanced samples in each class, we apply data augmentation and transfer learning techniques. Furthermore, newly designed inception residual and inception modules are developed to enhance feature extraction and increase classification rates. As comparing against currently available deep-learning models, experimental results show that the proposed inception residual block can avoid the vanishing gradient problem and achieve a high accuracy rate of 92%.
Russell, K. N., Russell, G. J., Kaplan, K. L., Mian, S., & Kornbluth, S. (2018). Increasing the conservation value of powerline corridors for wild bees through vegetation management: an experimental approach. Biodiversity and Conservation, 27, 2541–2565.
@article{russell2018increasing,
title = {Increasing the conservation value of powerline corridors for wild bees through vegetation management: an experimental approach},
author = {Russell, KN and Russell, GJ and Kaplan, KL and Mian, S and Kornbluth, S},
journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
volume = {27},
pages = {2541--2565},
year = {2018},
publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1552-8}
}
Mounting evidence suggests declines in the abundance and diversity of wild bees. Increasing habitat that provides forage and nesting sites could boost struggling populations, particularly in urban, suburban and agricultural landscapes. The millions of acres beneath aerial electric transmission lines, sometimes referred to as easements or rights-of-way, must be kept free of tall-growing vegetation and hence have the potential to provide suitable habitat for many native species. Prior work has demonstrated that bee communities in easements managed using alternatives to episodic mowing were more diverse than in nearby open areas, however true control sites within the easements were unavailable. In order to compare vegetation management protocols, we conducted a two-year study which enabled us to directly compare transmission line easements in three locations currently undergoing Integrated Vegetation Management—a dynamic form of management involving spot removal and herbicide treatment of unwanted species (treatment) with nearby sites undergoing standard management protocols of yearly or biyearly mowing (control). Results show that treatment sites had significantly higher abundance and species richness than controls. Seasonal differences were pronounced, with the spring fauna most affected by differences in vegetation management. In addition, the older treatment sites house more social bees, more parasitic species and a more even distribution of bees across nesting guilds. Finally, we established that treatment sites had distinct bee communities, further increasing their value as sources for native bee populations in the landscape. Overall, the data clearly show the value of implementing alternative active vegetation management in the land under powerlines to achieve an increase in the abundance and diversity of wild bees.
Evangelista, D. A., Russell, G., Russell, K. N., Bourne, G., & Ware, J. L. (2017). Evidence that dispersal barriers influence blaberoid cockroach assemblages in a neotropical savanna–forest matrix. Insect Conservation and Diversity, 10(5), 425–438.
@article{evangelista2017evidence,
title = {Evidence that dispersal barriers influence blaberoid cockroach assemblages in a neotropical savanna--forest matrix},
author = {Evangelista, Dominic A and Russell, Gareth and Russell, Kimberly N and Bourne, Godfrey and Ware, Jessica L},
journal = {Insect Conservation and Diversity},
volume = {10},
number = {5},
pages = {425--438},
year = {2017}
}
Mashintonio, A. F., Pimm, S. L., Harris, G. M., van Aarde, R. J., & Russell, G. J. (2014). Data-driven discovery of the spatial scales of habitat choice by elephants. PeerJ, 2, e504.
@article{mashintonio2014data,
title = {Data-driven discovery of the spatial scales of habitat choice by elephants},
author = {Mashintonio, Andrew F and Pimm, Stuart L and Harris, Grant M and van Aarde, Rudi J and Russell, Gareth J},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {2},
pages = {e504},
year = {2014},
publisher = {PeerJ Inc.}
}
Si, X., Pimm, S. L., Russell, G. J., & Ding, P. (2014). Turnover of breeding bird communities on islands in an inundated lake. Journal of Biogeography, 41(12), 2283–2292.
@article{si2014turnover,
title = {Turnover of breeding bird communities on islands in an inundated lake},
author = {Si, Xingfeng and Pimm, Stuart L and Russell, Gareth J and Ding, Ping},
journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
volume = {41},
number = {12},
pages = {2283--2292},
year = {2014},
publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}
Schnell, J. K., Harris, G. M., Pimm, S. L., & Russell, G. J. (2013). Estimating extinction risk with metapopulation models of large-scale fragmentation. Conservation Biology, 27(3), 520–530.
@article{schnell2013estimating,
title = {Estimating extinction risk with metapopulation models of large-scale fragmentation},
author = {Schnell, Jessica K and Harris, Grant M and Pimm, Stuart L and Russell, Gareth J},
journal = {Conservation Biology},
volume = {27},
number = {3},
pages = {520--530},
year = {2013},
publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}
Schnell, J. K., Harris, G. M., Pimm, S. L., & Russell, G. J. (2013). Quantitative analysis of forest fragmentation in the Atlantic Forest reveals more threatened bird species than the current Red List. PLoS One, 8(5), e65357.
@article{schnell2013quantitative,
title = {Quantitative analysis of forest fragmentation in the Atlantic Forest reveals more threatened bird species than the current Red List},
author = {Schnell, Jessica K and Harris, Grant M and Pimm, Stuart L and Russell, Gareth J},
journal = {PLoS One},
volume = {8},
number = {5},
pages = {e65357},
year = {2013},
publisher = {Public Library of Science San Francisco, USA}
}
Harris, G., Farley, S., Russell, G. J., Butler, M. J., & Selinger, J. (2013). Sampling designs matching species biology produce accurate and affordable abundance indices. PeerJ, 1, e227.
@article{harris2013sampling,
title = {Sampling designs matching species biology produce accurate and affordable abundance indices},
author = {Harris, Grant and Farley, Sean and Russell, Gareth J and Butler, Matthew J and Selinger, Jeff},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {1},
pages = {e227},
year = {2013},
publisher = {PeerJ Inc.}
}
Pimm, S. L., Jenkins, C. N., Joppa, L. N., Roberts, D. L., & Russell, G. J. (2010). How many endangered species remain to be discovered in Brazil. Natureza & Conservação, 8(1), 71–77.
@article{pimm2010many,
title = {How many endangered species remain to be discovered in Brazil},
author = {Pimm, Stuart L and Jenkins, Clinton N and Joppa, Lucas N and Roberts, David L and Russell, Gareth J},
journal = {Natureza \& Conserva{\c{c}}{\~a}o},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {71--77},
year = {2010},
publisher = {Elsevier BV}
}
Baiser, B., Russell, G. J., & Lockwood, J. L. (2010). Connectance determines invasion success via trophic interactions in model food webs. Oikos, 119(12), 1970–1976.
@article{baiser2010connectance,
title = {Connectance determines invasion success via trophic interactions in model food webs},
author = {Baiser, Benjamin and Russell, Gareth J and Lockwood, Julie L},
journal = {Oikos},
volume = {119},
number = {12},
pages = {1970--1976},
year = {2010},
publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}
Russell, G. J., & Rosales, A. (2010). Sociability leads to instability: site-switching cascades in a colonial species. Theoretical Ecology, 3, 3–12.
@article{russell2010sociability,
title = {Sociability leads to instability: site-switching cascades in a colonial species},
author = {Russell, Gareth J and Rosales, Abraham},
journal = {Theoretical Ecology},
volume = {3},
pages = {3--12},
year = {2010},
publisher = {Springer Netherlands}
}
Schnell, J., Russell, G., Harris, G., & Pimm, S. (2010). Metapopulation capacity with self-colonization: finding the best patches in fragmented habitats. Nature Precedings, 1–1.
@article{schnell2010metapopulation,
title = {Metapopulation capacity with self-colonization: finding the best patches in fragmented habitats},
author = {Schnell, Jessica and Russell, Gareth and Harris, Grant and Pimm, Stuart},
journal = {Nature Precedings},
pages = {1--1},
year = {2010},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group UK London}
}
Harris, G. M., Russell, G. J., Van Aarde, R. I., & Pimm, S. L. (2008). Rules of habitat use by elephants Loxodonta africana in southern Africa: insights for regional management. Oryx, 42(1), 66–75.
@article{harris2008rules,
title = {Rules of habitat use by elephants Loxodonta africana in southern Africa: insights for regional management},
author = {Harris, Grant M and Russell, Gareth J and Van Aarde, Rudi I and Pimm, Stuart L},
journal = {Oryx},
volume = {42},
number = {1},
pages = {66--75},
year = {2008},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press}
}
Russell, G. J., Diamond, J. M., Reed, T. M., & Pimm, S. L. (2006). Breeding birds on small islands: island biogeography or optimal foraging? Journal of Animal Ecology, 75(2).
@article{russell2006breeding,
title = {Breeding birds on small islands: island biogeography or optimal foraging?},
author = {Russell, Gareth J and Diamond, Jared M and Reed, Timothy M and Pimm, Stuart L},
journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
volume = {75},
number = {2},
year = {2006}
}
Adeney, J. M., Ginsberg, J. R., Russell, G. J., & Kinnaird, M. F. (2006). Effects of an ENSO-related fire on birds of a lowland tropical forest in Sumatra. Animal Conservation, 9(3), 292–301.
@article{adeney2006effects,
title = {Effects of an ENSO-related fire on birds of a lowland tropical forest in Sumatra},
author = {Adeney, J Marion and Ginsberg, JR and Russell, GJ and Kinnaird, MF},
journal = {Animal conservation},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {292--301},
year = {2006},
publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}
Cassey, P., Blackburn, T. M., Russell, G. J., Jones, K. E., & Lockwood, J. L. (2004). Influences on the transport and establishment of exotic bird species: an analysis of the parrots (Psittaciformes) of the world. Global Change Biology, 10(4), 417–426.
@article{cassey2004influences,
title = {Influences on the transport and establishment of exotic bird species: an analysis of the parrots (Psittaciformes) of the world},
author = {Cassey, Phillip and Blackburn, Tim M and Russell, Gareth J and Jones, Kate E and Lockwood, Julie L},
journal = {Global Change Biology},
volume = {10},
number = {4},
pages = {417--426},
year = {2004},
publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}
Ferraz, G., Russell, G. J., Stouffer, P. C., Bierregaard, R. O., Pimm, S. L., & Lovejoy, T. E. (2003). Rates of species loss from Amazonian forest fragments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(24), 14069–14073. https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2336195100
@article{ratesofspeciesloss,
author = {Ferraz, Gonçalo and Russell, Gareth J. and Stouffer, Philip C. and Bierregaard, Richard O. and Pimm, Stuart L. and Lovejoy, Thomas E.},
title = {Rates of species loss from Amazonian forest fragments},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
volume = {100},
number = {24},
pages = {14069-14073},
year = {2003},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.2336195100},
url = {https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2336195100},
eprint = {https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2336195100}
}
In the face of worldwide habitat fragmentation, managers need to devise a time frame for action. We ask how fast do understory bird species disappear from experimentally isolated plots in the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, central Amazon, Brazil. Our data consist of mist-net records obtained over a period of 13 years in 11 sites of 1, 10, and 100 hectares. The numbers of captures per species per unit time, analyzed under different simplifying assumptions, reveal a set of species-loss curves. From those declining numbers, we derive a scaling rule for the time it takes to lose half the species in a fragment as a function of its area. A 10-fold decrease in the rate of species loss requires a 1,000-fold increase in area. Fragments of 100 hectares lose one half of their species in <15 years, too short a time for implementing conservation measures.
Lockwood, J. L., Russell, G. J., Gittleman, J. L., Daehler, C. C., McKinney, M. L., & Purvis, A. (2002). A metric for analyzing taxonomic patterns of extinction risk. Conservation Biology, 16(4), 1137–1142.
@article{lockwood2002metric,
title = {A metric for analyzing taxonomic patterns of extinction risk},
author = {Lockwood, Julie L and Russell, Gareth J and Gittleman, John L and Daehler, Curtis C and McKinney, Michael L and Purvis, Andy},
journal = {Conservation Biology},
volume = {16},
number = {4},
pages = {1137--1142},
year = {2002},
publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}
Russell, G. J., Bass, O. L., & Pimm, S. L. (2002). The effect of hydrological patterns and breeding-season flooding on the numbers and distribution of wading birds in Everglades National Park. Animal Conservation, 5(3), 185–199.
@article{russell2002effect,
title = {The effect of hydrological patterns and breeding-season flooding on the numbers and distribution of wading birds in Everglades National Park},
author = {Russell, Gareth J and Bass, Oron L and Pimm, Stuart L},
journal = {Animal Conservation},
volume = {5},
number = {3},
pages = {185--199},
year = {2002},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press}
}
Fukami, T., Zimmermann, C. R., Russell, G. J., & Drake, J. A. (1999). Self-organized criticality in ecology and evolution. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 14(8), 321.
@article{fukami1999self,
title = {Self-organized criticality in ecology and evolution},
author = {Fukami, Tadashi and Zimmermann, Craig R and Russell, Gareth J and Drake, James A},
journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
volume = {14},
number = {8},
pages = {321},
year = {1999},
publisher = {Elsevier}
}
Russell, G. J., Brooks, T. M., McKinney, M. M., & Anderson, C. G. (1998). Present and Future Taxonomic Selectivity in Bird and Mammal Extinctions. Conservation Biology, 12(6), 1365–1376. https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.96332.x
@article{taxonomicselectivity,
author = {Russell, Gareth J. and Brooks, Thomas M. and McKinney, Michael M. and Anderson, C. Gregory},
title = {Present and Future Taxonomic Selectivity in Bird and Mammal Extinctions},
journal = {Conservation Biology},
volume = {12},
number = {6},
pages = {1365--1376},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.96332.x},
url = {https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.96332.x},
eprint = {https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.96332.x},
year = {1998}
}
We compared the distribution of historical bird and mammal species extinctions across genera and families with the distribution we would expect if these extinctions had occurred at random with respect to taxonomy. We then repeated the comparison for species listed in various categories of threat according to the 1996 Red List of the World Conservation Union. We found the distributions of extinctions and threat classifications to be almost always nonrandom—“selective”—with clustering in certain genera and families. Furthermore, extinctions tended to be clustered in taxa that contain few species; species in smaller genera tended to have higher probabilities of extinction. This tendency was strong for historical extinctions but was reduced or absent for some categories of threat. We attribute this to a change in the causes of extinction whereby predation and introduced species have been joined or superseded by widespread habitat loss. We then assessed the implications of this variable selectivity for the past and likely future losses of genera and families. In most cases, the number of lost taxa rises. Finally, we made predictions about minimum losses of taxa at specific dates in the future and showed that, despite the reduction in some forms of selectivity, we will still lose more taxa than if species extinctions were random.
Selectividad Taxonómica Presente y Futura Extinciones de Aves y Mamíferos Se comparó la distribución de las extinciones históricas de especies de aves y mamíferos con la distribución que se esperaría si las extinciones hubieran ocurrido al azar con respecto a la taxonomía. La comparación fue repetida para las especies incluidas en distintas categorías de riesgo en la Lista Roja de la UICN. En casi todos los casos se encontró que las distribuciones de las extinciones y de las categorías de riesgo no estaban distribuidas al azar, sin que fueron ‘selectivas,’ con distribución agrupada en ciertos géneros y familias. Se observó, además, que las extinciones tendieron a estar agrupadas en taxones que contienen pocas especies; las especies en géneros más pequeños tienden a tener mayores probabilidades de extinción. Esta tendencia fue fuerte para las extinciones históricas, pero reducida o ausente para algunas categorías de riesgo. Esto se atribuyó a un cambio en las causas de extinción, donde la predación y las especies introducidas se han sumado o han sido reemplazadas por la gran destrucción de hábitat. Se evaluaron luego las consecuencias de esta selectividad variable para las extinciones de géneros y familias en el pasado y en un futuro probable. En la mayoría de los casos el número de taxones extinguidos aumenta. Finalmente, se hicieron predicciones acerca de las extinciones mínimas de taxones en el futuro, demostrándose que, a pesar de la reducción en algunas formas de selectividad, se extinguirán más taxones que si las extinciones fueran al azar.
Pimm, S. L., Gittleman, J. L., Russell, G. J., & Brooks, T. M. (1996). Response: Extinction Rates. Science, 273(5273), 297–297.
@article{pimm1996response,
title = {Response: Extinction Rates},
author = {Pimm, Stuart L and Gittleman, John L and Russell, Gareth J and Brooks, Thomas M},
journal = {Science},
volume = {273},
number = {5273},
pages = {297--297},
year = {1996},
publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}
}
Pimm, S. L., Russell, G. J., Gittleman, J. L., & Brooks, T. M. (1995). The future of biodiversity. Science, 269(5222), 347–350.
@article{pimm1995future,
title = {The future of biodiversity},
author = {Pimm, Stuart L and Russell, Gareth J and Gittleman, John L and Brooks, Thomas M},
journal = {Science},
volume = {269},
number = {5222},
pages = {347--350},
year = {1995},
publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}
}
Smith, W. O., & Russell, G. J. (1995). Phytoplankton biomass and nutrient distributions in the Amazon River plume: environmental correlates. Geo-Marine Letters, 15, 195–198.
@article{smith1995phytoplankton,
title = {Phytoplankton biomass and nutrient distributions in the Amazon River plume: environmental correlates},
author = {Smith, Walker O and Russell, Gareth J},
journal = {Geo-Marine Letters},
volume = {15},
pages = {195--198},
year = {1995},
publisher = {Springer-Verlag}
}
Russell, G. J., Diamond, J. M., Pimm, S. L., & Reed, T. M. (1995). A century of turnover: community dynamics at three timescales. Journal of Animal Ecology, 628–641.
@article{russell1995century,
title = {A century of turnover: community dynamics at three timescales},
author = {Russell, Gareth J and Diamond, Jared M and Pimm, Stuart L and Reed, Timothy M},
journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
pages = {628--641},
year = {1995},
publisher = {JSTOR}
}
Curnutt, J., Lockwood, J., Luh, H.-K., Nott, P., & Russell, G. (1994). Hotspots and species diversity. Nature, 367(6461), 326–327.
@article{curnutt1994hotspots,
title = {Hotspots and species diversity},
author = {Curnutt, John and Lockwood, Julie and Luh, Hang-Kwang and Nott, Philip and Russell, Gareth},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {367},
number = {6461},
pages = {326--327},
year = {1994},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group UK London}
}
Pimm, S. L., Diamond, J., Reed, T. M., Russell, G. J., & Verner, J. (1993). Times to extinction for small populations of large birds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 90(22), 10871–10875.
@article{pimm1993times,
title = {Times to extinction for small populations of large birds.},
author = {Pimm, Stuart L and Diamond, Jared and Reed, Timothy M and Russell, Gareth J and Verner, Jared},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
volume = {90},
number = {22},
pages = {10871--10875},
year = {1993},
publisher = {National Acad Sciences}
}
Book chapters
Russell, G. J. (2001). Turnover dynamics across ecological and geological scales. In Biodiversity dynamics: turnover of populations, taxa, and communities (pp. 377–404). Columbia University Press; .
@inbook{russell2001turnover,
title = {Turnover dynamics across ecological and geological scales},
author = {Russell, Gareth J},
booktitle = {Biodiversity dynamics: turnover of populations, taxa, and communities},
pages = {377--404},
year = {2001},
publisher = {Columbia University Press}
}
Refereed conference proceedings
Lin, X., Holzapfel, C., & Russell, G. J. (2018). Novel community assembly on post-industrial soils: The role of soil heterogeneity and pollution. 2018 ESA Annual Meeting (August 5–10).
@inproceedings{lin2018novel,
title = {Novel community assembly on post-industrial soils: The role of soil heterogeneity and pollution},
author = {Lin, Xiang and Holzapfel, Claus and Russell, Gareth J},
booktitle = {2018 ESA Annual Meeting (August 5--10)},
year = {2018},
organization = {ESA}
}
Wilder, J., Tonde, C., Sundar, G., Huang, N., Barinov, L., Baxi, J., Bibby, J., Rapport, A., Pavoni, E., Tsang, S., Garcia, E., Mateo, F., Lubansky, T. M., & Russell, G. J. (2012). An automatic identification and monitoring system for coral reef fish. In A. G. Tescher (Ed.), Applications of Digital Image Processing XXXV (Vol. 8499, p. 84991H). SPIE; . https://doi.org/10.1117/12.928860
@inproceedings{autoidcoralfish,
author = {Wilder, Joseph and Tonde, Chetan and Sundar, Ganesh and Huang, Ning and Barinov, Lev and Baxi, Jigesh and Bibby, James and Rapport, Andrew and Pavoni, Edward and Tsang, Serena and Garcia, Eri and Mateo, Felix and Lubansky, Tanya M. and Russell, Gareth J.},
title = {{An automatic identification and monitoring system for coral reef fish}},
volume = {8499},
booktitle = {Applications of Digital Image Processing XXXV},
editor = {Tescher, Andrew G.},
organization = {International Society for Optics and Photonics},
publisher = {SPIE},
pages = {84991H},
keywords = {coral reefs, fish populations, population census, image processing, pattern recognition, species recognition},
year = {2012},
doi = {10.1117/12.928860},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1117/12.928860}
}
To help gauge the health of coral reef ecosystems, we developed a prototype of an underwater camera module to automatically census reef fish populations. Recognition challenges include pose and lighting variations, complicated backgrounds, within-species color variations and within-family similarities among species. An open frame holds two cameras, LED lights, and two ‘background’ panels in an L-shaped configuration. High-resolution cameras send sequences of 300 synchronized image pairs at 10 fps to an on-shore PC. Approximately 200 sequences containing fish were recorded at the New York Aquarium’s Glover’s Reef exhibit. These contained eight ‘common’ species with 85–672 images, and eight ‘rare’ species with 5–27 images that were grouped into an ‘unknown/rare’ category for classification. Image pre-processing included background modeling and subtraction, and tracking of fish across frames for depth estimation, pose correction, scaling, and disambiguation of overlapping fish. Shape features were obtained from PCA analysis of perimeter points, color features from opponent color histograms, and ‘banding’ features from DCT of vertical projections. Images were classified to species using feedforward neural networks arranged in a three-level hierarchy in which errors remaining after each level are targeted by networks in the level below. Networks were trained and tested on independent image sets. Overall accuracy of species-specific identifications typically exceeded 96% across multiple training runs. A seaworthy version of our system will allow for population censuses with high temporal resolution, and therefore improved statistical power to detect trends. A network of such devices could provide an ‘early warning system’ for coral ecosystem collapse.
Lubansky, T., Schnell, J. K., Kornbluth, S., Hewitt, D., Mashintonio, A., Kartesz, J., & Russell, G. J. (2010). COS 54-9: The rich get richer with a little help from their (human) friends: Mesoscale influences on exotic plant invasion. The 95th ESA Annual Meeting.
@inproceedings{lubansky2010cos,
title = {COS 54-9: The rich get richer with a little help from their (human) friends: Mesoscale influences on exotic plant invasion},
author = {Lubansky, Tanya and Schnell, Jessica K and Kornbluth, Sarah and Hewitt, Denise and Mashintonio, Andrew and Kartesz, John and Russell, Gareth J},
booktitle = {The 95th ESA Annual Meeting},
year = {2010}
}
Harris, G. M., Farley, S. D., Russell, G. J., Morton, J., & Selinger, J. (2009). COS 113-3: Optimizing sampling timing and location to capture genetic material from brown bears: Expert opinion is good value. The 94th ESA Annual Meeting.
@inproceedings{harris2009cos,
title = {COS 113-3: Optimizing sampling timing and location to capture genetic material from brown bears: Expert opinion is good value},
author = {Harris, Grant M and Farley, Sean D and Russell, Gareth J and Morton, John and Selinger, Jeff},
booktitle = {The 94th ESA Annual Meeting},
year = {2009}
}
Russell, G. J., Watling, J. I., Santos, T., Tellerı́a José Luis, Aliaga, K., & Brotherson, T. (2009). OOS 46-8: Well-connected but empty on the inside: Active dispersal can reduce the species richness of accessible habitat patches. The 94th ESA Annual Meeting.
@inproceedings{russell2009oos,
title = {OOS 46-8: Well-connected but empty on the inside: Active dispersal can reduce the species richness of accessible habitat patches},
author = {Russell, Gareth J and Watling, James I and Santos, Tom{\'a}s and Teller{\'\i}a, Jos{\'e} Luis and Aliaga, Karina and Brotherson, Temipote},
booktitle = {The 94th ESA Annual Meeting},
year = {2009}
}
Holzapfel, C., Parag, H. A., & Russell, G. J. (2009). COS 1-1: Boom and bust in the desert: The failed economy of an invasive grass in the Mojave Desert. The 94th ESA Annual Meeting.
@inproceedings{holzapfel2009cos,
title = {COS 1-1: Boom and bust in the desert: The failed economy of an invasive grass in the Mojave Desert},
author = {Holzapfel, Claus and Parag, Hadas A and Russell, Gareth J},
booktitle = {The 94th ESA Annual Meeting},
year = {2009}
}
Lu, J. W. T., & Russell, G. J. (2005). Modeling the spread of Asian longhorned beetle in New York City. In: Gottschalk, Kurt W., Ed. Proceedings, 16th US Department of Agriculture Interagency Research Forum on Gypsy Moth and Other Invasive Species 2005; 2005 January 18-21; Annapolis, MD. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-337. Newtown Square, PA: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station: 57-60.
@inproceedings{lu2005modeling,
title = {Modeling the spread of Asian longhorned beetle in New York City},
author = {Lu, Jacqueline WT and Russell, Gareth J},
booktitle = {In: Gottschalk, Kurt W., ed. Proceedings, 16th US Department of Agriculture interagency research forum on gypsy moth and other invasive species 2005; 2005 January 18-21; Annapolis, MD. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-337. Newtown Square, PA: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station: 57-60.},
year = {2005}
}